Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Social Contract Hobbes Vs. Rousseau - 1457 Words

The Social Contract: Hobbes vs. Rousseau Since the beginning of the modern age, governments and states have existed in order to maintain moral law. Essentially these institutions are for the greater good of humanity. However, little thought is ever given to how humans lived without governments. Each and every person in the modern age is born into a state, and becomes a part of that state regardless of their will. The concept that humans are born into a state is derived from the social contract. The social contract is a voluntary agreement that allows for the mutual benefit between individuals and governments with regards to the protection and regulation of affairs between members in society. Essentially the idea is that citizens will give up some of their freedoms to the government in return for protection of their remaining rights. Throughout history, there have been a number of philosophers that have discussed the social contract and each philosopher has had there own social contract theories. Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes was the foundation for social contract theory in Western political philosophy. While The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau was written a century later and inspired political reforms in Europe. Both Hobbes and Rousseau in their theories appeal to the social contract as being needed as a means to control man in society. However, their theories differ significantly on the basis of the state of nature, the phase after man has left his natural state andShow MoreRelatedHobbes vs. Rousseau1427 Words   |  6 PagesHobbes vs. Rousseau Drug abuse is obviously a huge issue in our country, but how would Hobbes and Rousseau’s opinions differ on it? Hobbes talks about individual self interests and punishment. Rousseau talks about education and socialization. The both believe however that the sovereign should decide these laws Hobbes’ law of nature can be summarized as a general rule discovered by reason that forbids a person from doing anything destructive to his own life and gives her the right of self-preservationRead MoreHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli The thirteenth through the eighteenth century brought profound changes in the political realm of Western civilization. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution and only advancing during the Renaissance, secularization and skepticism lead to changes in not only the intellectual life of Westerners, but also to their politics. At the forefront of the political debate were well-versed men such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The influencesRead MoreHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesBryce Hurless Mrs. Sauter World History – Block G 15 December 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideasRead MoreTwo Sided Coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages Two-sided coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke There are always two-sides everything including people and the government, kind of like science vs. faith view. With Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, they give the impression to be on opposite sides when it comes to people, society and the government even and yet both were Englishmen. Hobbes was born 5 April 1588 and died 4 December 1679; he is best known today for his work on political philosophy. While John Locke was 29 August 1632 and died 28 OctoberRead MorePolitical Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato Essay3770 Words   |  16 PagesLocke: What is the purpose of politics - we could live in the state of nature, we don’t need contract or soverign - life, liberty and property State of nature: men live according to reason and governed by reason - man exists in the state of nature in perfect freedom to do as they want, a state of perfect freedom - not necessarily good or bad, bit is calm and peaceful - men give up some of their freedom to secure the advantages of civilized socity Read MoreAn Essay on Social Contract Theory3139 Words   |  13 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Social contract theory (or contractarianism) is a concept used in philosophy, political science and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members, or between individuals. All members within a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract;Read MoreAn Essay on Social Contract Theory3151 Words   |  13 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Social contract theory (or contractarianism) is a concept used in philosophy, political science and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members, or between individuals. All members within a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract;Read MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract3563 Words   |  15 PagesThomas Hobbes (1588-1679), an English philosopher published the work, Leviathan, which proposed the concept of the social contract, in which societal assimilation mandates submission to authoritarian rule, with a relinquishment of certain rights, in return for protection and aid. Hobbes offered a foundational premise for benefits that otherwise might be absent, if not for societal constructs. John Locke, another English philosopher publi shed the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which expoundedRead MoreSocietal Significance And The Sovereignty Essay2391 Words   |  10 PagesJefferson’s quote suggests that the social contract and state are only run sufficiently under the authority of the people. There is a common assumption that a definite agreement among the population of a society, is dictated by the individuals themselves. In the past, various theorists as well as powerful leaders have made conscience endeavors to demystify whether the social contract is imposed by the sovereign or society. This essay makes an argument that the social compact is dictated by individualsRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Thomas Hobbes1128 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Stuart Mill and Thomas Hobbes are talking about very different things than Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes proclaims, â€Å"Liberty, or freedom, signifieth properly the absence of opposition (by opposition, I mean external impediments of motion)à ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobbes 136). While Mill describes liberty as â€Å"that of pursuing our own good in our own way† (Mill 14). Undoubtedly, these are both negative conceptions. In contrast, Rousseau often writes in The Social Contract citizens must be â€Å"forced to

Monday, December 16, 2019

Fall Fashion Trends Free Essays

As we move into fall the weather gets cooler. The leaves start to change and so do clothes. Summer is out, and fall is here. We will write a custom essay sample on Fall Fashion Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s time to put away the bikinis and purchase the latest in fall trends. Pick up these latest trends and you’ll be a unanimous choice for most stylish. Just like last year skinny Scares are hot on the market. Expect to see not only bright colored skinny Scares, but also unique prints. For example, leopard and plaid pants will make an appearance on the fall fashion racks as well. The same style of skinny scares will be out on the market. Watercolors dresses found at stores like Lulu’s already are popular from the summer and they will make their way into the fall season collection as well. The great thing about this dress is that it can be worn on the beach over your swimsuit, but it also can be worn for a fancy night out with the girls. As far as tops go fashion experts predict the effortless look of mixing and matching different prints will live on. The animal sweatshirts are at its peak in popularity for women of all ages. You can find these items at Forever 21 . For footwear, the reign of Toms will continue, but there is also a new shoe on the market and those shoes are Vans. Vans are similar to Toms accept more sneaker-like. Many people buy various prints and bright colors of Vans. There are all different types of Vans. They are made for both boys and girls. There are low tops, high tops, wide Vans, and skinny Vans. The famous skater, Tony Hawk, has his own brand of Vans. Boots are back. This fall expect to see the ankle boots back, but this time around they all have a more edgy vibe, including zippers and studs. The ankle boots are still in, but the newest style is combat boots. This military inspired boot instantly adds a touch of edge to any outfit, and they can be worn with Just about anything. If you follow these trends, then your fall wardrobe will be set and every person in school will be wondering how you got such great style. How to cite Fall Fashion Trends, Essays

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Shanghai And Hong Kongs Contributions To Chinas Essay Example For Students

Shanghai And Hong Kongs Contributions To Chinas Essay Economic ModernizationTimothy ScottECON. 400Professor RobertsMidterm EssayShanghai and Hong Kongs Contributions to Chinas Economic ModernizationSome people predict Shanghai will replace Hong Kong in the future. Others argue that Hong Kong will remain as Chinas gateway to the rest of the world. For the past few months, I studied intensively about China and Hong Kongs history, culture, economy and politics. Hong Kong and Shanghai have made immense contributions to Chinas economy and modernization. However, I believe that Shanghai is still lacking the proper and sophiscated infrastructure such as the legal system and freedom of the press. In the years to come, Hong Kong will remain the financial and economic center of Asia due to its vast resources, legal infrastructure, history, and culture. In the past two decades, Shanghai has made great contributions to Chinas economic modernization. According to Cheng Li, in the article, The Color of Money, Shanghai had one-eighth of the total industrial output of the nation in 1980. In the early 1990s, Deng Xiaoping realized the potential of Shanghai, and urged the municipal government to develop the local economy and attract foreign investment. The entire city went under a reconstruction era, also known as the construction fever period. Hundreds of skyscrapers were built, and vast rural areas were transformed into new modern towns. Today, department stores and high rise buildings are not uncommon in Shanghai. The newly built Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai is now Asias highest television tower. Shanghai not only underwent a physical change, but its economy boomed as well since 1993. The city has attracted more foreign investment than ever before. Currently, 121 largest transnational corporations operate in Shanghai. Investments include subway lines, highways, bridges and tunnels linking the Huangpu River and Pudong. It is estimated that $2.35 billion has been invested in Shanghai by foreign investment. In addition, the development of Pudong made it Chinas largest economic zone. Shanghai, without a doubt, is the engine that drives Chinas economic modernization. At the same time, Shanghai does not have the proper legal infrastructure, and freedom of the press to be the financial center of Asia. During my China traveling seminar in Shanghai, a Shanghaiese lawyer emphasized in order to be successful in China, all you need is a network of connection. This is also known as guanxi and it plays a crucial role in China. The fact is, China is under a system of rule by law and not rule of law. The legal infrastructure does not give you the protection you need from corruption and white-collar crimes let alone ensure an environment of free competition and productive workforce. Shanghai not only lacks legal protection, but it also lacks freedom of the press. The CCP has been and will always be a dictatorship over the media. One of the reasons is because China has always been very protective of its image. Any dishonorable and offensive news to the government, regardless o f its importance, would not be allowed to publish. The central government also feels the necessity to control the media in order to prevent rebellions. Therefore, the people of Shanghai and China rarely know the truth behind current news. The importance of proper legal systems and freedom of the press are crucial to Chinas economic development. If the central government continues to neglect these factors, it will be detrimental to the future development of China. From the period 1949 to 1976, Hong Kong was Chinas gateway to the capitalist world. Today, Hong Kong has become even more important to Chinese economy and the international world. First of all, Hong Kong has vast resources such as managerial know-how, technology, financial and marketing skills. These important resources has been transferred to China as Hong Kong manufacturers move across the border to take advantage of cheap land and labor force in the 1980s. (Yahuda, p.24)While Shanghai has attracted foreign investments into China, Hong Kong has accounted for between 60 and 80 percent of the total foreign direct investment in China. In 1993, there were 50,868 investment projects of Hong Kong and Macao businesses in China with a value of $76.756 billion. The majority of investments are concentrated in the Guandong province. Through these direct investments, came along the necessity to have sophiscated bank services, legal, and operational structures. Hong Kong provides a great deal o f these services to Chinas modernization. In addition, these service centers provided a learning center for expertise and invaluable experience in dealing with many facets of international economy. Examples of these institutions are China International Trust and Investment Corporation, China Resources and the Bank of China. (Yahuda, p.25)Hong Kong has been the leading center of Asia and the third in the world after London and New York. I foresee that it will remain its status in the world due to its legal infrastructure, history and culture. When the British colonized Hong Kong, it not only brought about their law system which is rule of law, but also their western ideas, education and culture. The system of rule of law taught a majority of the local people to respect and obey the law. The political structure of Hong Kong government and the civil service are considered to be the most stable, non-corrupt and efficient in Asia. Furthermore, the western emphases are to expand entrepren eurship, independence and to promote free trade. To this day, these ideas are instilled in the people of Hong Kong. This, of course, made and will continue to make Hong Kong an attractive place for international transactions to take place. In conclusion, both Shanghai and Hong Kong have made tremendous contributions to the economic modernization of China. Shanghai has become more modern and attractive for foreign investments, especially the Pudong area. Hong Kong has been accounted as Chinas largest trading partner and investor. Regardless of how much the central government would like for Shanghai to succeed as the next international center of Asia, Hong Kong with its vast resources, legal infrastructure, history, and culture will ultimately remain as the international financial mecca of Asia. BibliographyBIBILOGRAPHY1. Berger, Suzanne ; Lester, Richard K. Made By Hong Kong. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. P.12-14. .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .postImageUrl , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:hover , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:visited , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:active { border:0!important; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:active , .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02b6316aaf474b62f0ef08a62c924efa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Entrepreneur Observation Report Essay2. Chang, Jung. Wild Swans. London: Harper Collins, 1993. P. 213-214. 3. Li, Cheng. Color of Money. New York: Rowinan ; Lihlofield, 1997. P.18-20. 4. Yahuda, Michael. Hong Kong, Chinas Challenge. London: Routledge, 1996. P. 24-26. Business Essays

Saturday, November 30, 2019

The Success Of The Simpsons Essays - The Simpsons, American Culture

The Success Of The Simpsons The Improbable Long-Term Success of The Simpsons When examining the history of modern prime-time television, there is a certain pattern that virtually every successful show inevitably falls into. After a period of initial success, perhaps lasting three or four years, the writing on the show becomes stale by using the same format and same jokes over and over. The viewing audience becomes bored, and eventually, the show fades into television oblivion. Or, as Jeff MacGregor states in The New York Times, Historically(successful shows) collapse under the weight of their own complacency, hanging on for a few lifeless seasons while the producers wait to cash out their millions and move to Maui. Based on this premise, it would seem that The Simpsons, an animated series that debuted in 1987 as thirty second segments on The Tracey Ullman Show, should have worn out its welcome long ago. However, The Simpsons is still going strong today. The secret to the shows success lies in its producers ability to understand the expectations of the television audience and the culture that surrounds them. This understanding, combined with wry sarcasm, topical themes, and superb scripting that puts most other comedies to shame, as well as some old-fashioned slapstick comedy, makes The Simpsons one of the most popular programs in television history. The show is often complex and highly intellectual, while remaining funny at the most basic levels. As Jim Gleeson states in The College Tribune, The show is rare in rewarding attention to detail, with especially obscure references that even if you had never heard ofyou would still laugh, giddy with the crafted sleight of it all. This fact that the show works on several levels at once draws a generationally diverse fan base. The adults are attracted by the surprisingly sophisticated dialogue, while the children enjoy the clumsy antics of Homer and the traditionally cartoonish aspects of the program. An example of a multidimensional scene occurs in the episode where Marge, the mother of the Simpson family, starts a crusade against campaign violence. Maggie, the baby, is mesmerized by an Itchy and Scratchy cartoon show in which the mouse pummels the cat over the head with a sledgehammer. Later in the episode, Maggie imitates the actions of the mouse by hitting her father, Homer, on the head with a sledgehammer, with the music from Psycho playing the background. For the younger audience, the sight of Homer getting hit on the head is funny, much in the same way that the Simpson children laugh as the mouse batters the cartoon cat. The older portion of the viewers takes additional pleasure in recognizing the allusi on to the famous horror film. Another simple example of multilevel humor features Homer sitting on the couch, while another Homer walks past the outside window. Although it takes place in a matter of seconds, this scene is one of countless silly but curiously sensational quirks that makes the show a masterpiece of tiny, throw-away details that accumulate into a worldview. Because the producers of The Simpsons understand the current industry guidelines for humor and political correctness, they are able to create humor by bluntly crossing these presumed socially acceptable boundaries, while still sending a positive message. One frequently addressed subject on the show is religion, which is a normally sensitive issue on television. The Simpsons, however tackles religious thought head-on. In one episode, Homer skips church on a particularly cold, snowy Sunday and has the best day of his life. After making his patented, space-age, out-of-this world Moon Waffles (melted caramel and waffle batter wrapped around a stick of butter), he watches football on T.V. and, upon finding a penny on the ground, asks aloud, Could this be the best day of my life? After visualizing, among other things, his wedding day, he proclaims, We have a winner! This sequence would seem to present the idea that going church is a bad thing, but by the end of the episode, the message is reversed. Homer falls asleep amid a pile of Playdudes with a lit cigar in his mouth, which falls onto the magazines and sets the house on fire. After a miraculous rescue, Marge asks Homer whether the catastrophe

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Hiral Patel Essays (659 words) - Literature, The Deserted Village

Hiral Patel Essays (659 words) - Literature, The Deserted Village Hiral Patel Professor Buzzard ENG 205-I01 22 July 2016 The Deserted Village, Its Logical and Rhetorical Elements The Deserted Village is a poem by Oliver Goldsmith that is not only emotional, but also logical. As soon as it came out in the market, the poem became popular and was highly recognized as a classic of the eighteenth century. There can be many interpretations of the poem and this article gives a few interpretations of its own. At the beginning of the poem, the speaker, who is believed to have been Goldsmith himself, is a young and rebellious person who is enjoying the life of the lively village. However, throughout the poem, he is witnessing the changing society that brings upon destruction and desolation. These events add to the change in his form and personality where he becomes more determined and an "experienced wanderer." This poem is argumentative. On one hand, it speaks of the beautiful village back in the day where it is full of life and happy people. On the other hand, it speaks of the present land (no longer called a village) that is desolated. Villagers are forced to leave their homes behind and start new lives in a new city with new people. Everything is shattered and it is terrorizing to leave behind the past and memories. The poem helped show the bad side of the changing world as well as trying to change the minds of many to bring back humanity. I find this article to be very helpful because not only does it summarize portions of the poem that are broken up into sectional paragraphs, but it also evaluates them. The goal of the article to bring about one of the many interpretations of the poem and it was carried out well and therefore; it would be a biased source. It does not bring forth many ideas. Rather, it expresses one idea and explains how each part of the poem help support the idea and build a fort. This helps explain the purpose of the poem and why it was written in the first place. Like many other poems, this one has a deep meaning behind it that relates to the historical state from back in the day. This source is reliable because not only does it use specific examples from the poem, it also takes time to thoroughly explain the portions of the poem. Since the poem is specifically about a deserted village that was once full of life and lively people, the desolation will help serve as one of the main points in my research. Desolation, destruction, change, and terror are few of the many main ideas, or antitheses, that help provide structure to the poem. Although it was a little hard to interpret the article due to constant references to other works of other poets, I managed quite well. After rereading the article a few times, I find this source to be helpful to my research. I plan to focus on the many points and antitheses of the poem by making constant references to the poem to help support my points. It does not change the way I think about my topic because one of the main reasons why I chose to write about this poem is because of its title. The title itself makes readers want to read it and find out what it is about. It is interesting how the poem uses all three verb tenses: past, present, and future, to create a variety of imag es for the readers and make it visual. Not only is it visual, but it also helps relate to the history where changes were occurring and many were forced to move out of their homes and begin their lives again. This is why the poem held significance and became one of the classics of the eighteenth century. Quintana, Ricardo. "The Deserted Village, Its Logical and Rhetorical Elements." College English 26.3 (1964): 204-14. Web.

Friday, November 22, 2019

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery

How Women Abolitionists Fought Slavery Abolitionist was the word used in the 19th century for those who worked to abolish the institution of slavery. Women were quite active in the abolitionist movement, at a time when women were, in general, not active in the public sphere. The presence of women in the abolitionist movement was considered by many to be scandalous- not just because of the issue itself, which was not universally supported even in states that had abolished slavery within their borders, but because these activists were women, and the dominant expectation of the proper place for women was in the domestic, not the public, sphere. Nevertheless, the abolitionist movement attracted quite a few women to its active ranks. White women came out of their domestic sphere to work against the enslavement of others. Black women spoke from their experience, bringing their story to audiences to elicit empathy and action. Black Women Abolitionists The two most famous black women abolitionists were Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman. Both were well-known in their time and are still the most famous of the black women who worked against slavery. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Maria W. Stewart are not as well known, but both were respected writers and activists. Harriet Jacobs wrote a memoir that was important as a story of what women went through during slavery, and brought the conditions of slavery to the attention of a wider audience. Sarah Mapps Douglass, part of the free African American community in Philadelphia, was an educator who also worked in the antislavery movement. Charlotte Forten Grimkà © was also part of the Philadelphia free African American community involved with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.   Other African American women who were active abolitionists included Ellen Craft, the Edmonson sisters (Mary and Emily), Sarah Harris Fayerweather, Charlotte Forten, Margaretta Forten, Susan Forten, Elizabeth Freeman (Mumbet), Eliza Ann Garner, Harriet Ann Jacobs,  Mary Meachum, Anna Murray-Douglass (first wife of Frederick Douglass), Susan Paul,  Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ellen Pleasant, Caroline Remond Putnam, Sarah Parker Remond, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, and Mary Ann Shadd. White Women Abolitionists More white women than black women were prominent in the abolitionist movement, for a variety of reasons: Although the movement of all women was restricted by social convention, white women had more freedom than black women to move about.White women were more likely to have the income to support themselves while doing abolitionist work.Black women were, after the Fugitive Slave Act and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, at risk of capture and transport to the South if someone alleged (rightly or wrongly) that they were escaped slaves.White women were generally better-educated than black women were (even though not at all on a par with the education of white men), including in formal oratory skills popular as a topic in education at the time. White women abolitionists were often connected with liberal religions like the Quakers, Unitarians, and Universalists, which taught the spiritual equality of all souls. Many white women who were abolitionists were married to (white) male abolitionists or came from abolitionist families, though some, like the Grimke sisters, rejected the ideas of their families. Key white women who worked for the abolition of slavery, helping African American women navigate an unjust system (in alphabetical order, with links to find more about each): Louisa May AlcottSusan B. AnthonyAntoinette Brown BlackwellElizabeth BlackwellEdnah Dow CheneyLydia Maria ChildLucy ColmanPaulina Kellogg Wright DavisMary Baker EddyMargaret FullerAngelina Grimke and her sister, Sarah GrimkeJulia Ward HoweMary LivermoreLucretia MottElizabeth Palmer PeabodyAmy Kirby PostElizabeth Cady StantonLucy StoneHarriet Beecher StoweMary Edwards WalkerVictoria WoodhullMarie Zakrzewska More white women abolitionists include: Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, Maria Weston Chapman, Hannah Tracy Cutler, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, Eliza Farnham, Elizabeth Lee Cabot Follen, Abby Kelley Foster,  Matilda Joslyn Gage,  Josephine White Griffing, Laura Smith Haviland, Emily Howland, Jane Elizabeth Jones, Graceanna Lewis, Maria White Lowell, Abigail Mott, Ann Preston, Laura Spelman Rockefeller, Elizabeth Smith Miller,  Caroline Severance,  Ann Carroll Fitzhugh Smith, Angeline Stickney, Eliza Sproat Turner,  Martha Coffin Wright.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay - 1

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous world culture - Essay Example With the use of the Internet, multi-national businesses are giving tough time to the local business in the Eastern countries. However, the reality is much more different than this argument. The local businesses in these parts of world do not face much commerce problems with the emergence of the Internet instead they are getting more benefits. Some believe that the Eastern youth culture is being negatively affected by the onslaught of the Westernization. The Eastern youth adopts the Western life styles. However, the core cultural values and beliefs in any of Eastern culture have maintained their inbuilt structure and existence in its original shape. This fact can be validated by the fact the religion of Islam, which represents a major segment of culture prevalent in the Eastern societies, is the fastest growing religion in the world. In the subsequent parts of this paper, first the notion of Westernization and the Internet have been included to provide the basic understanding about th e Westernization and the use of Internet to promote the western values. Subsequent to that, a part describing the Internet and Business is mentioned to highlight the impacts of the Internet in the local and international business context. Before the conclusion, the Internet, Westernization and youth culture part has been included to differentiate between the impacts of the westernization and the actual youth culture values and norms. Globalization has often been used as a substitute for (i) internationalization; (ii) universalization; (iii) liberalization; (iv) Westernization; (v) deterritorialization (Scholte 2005). He contends that the first four uses remain unsatisfactory mainly because they fail to provide anything novel about the current era. The concept of cultural invasion is based on the notion that the infiltration of Western values into the Eastern societies. The Eastern societies do not have similar culture,

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Art History the Mourning of Christ by Giotto Assignment

Art History the Mourning of Christ by Giotto - Assignment Example Other two figures surrounding Christ are depicted from behind and it is impossible to see if they are men or women. Maria Magdalena holds legs of Christ. We can assume that it is she only because of her red hair. Other five figures are in the middle of the painting. The central figure of this group is a young man with the short haircut and he looks very young. He leans toward Christ and stretches his arms to him as if he wants to embrace him. His face reflects sorrow and grief. Other two men from this group are calm and their sorrow is very deep inside because they look like detached viewers of this tragic scene. There is also another group of mourning people in the left part of the painting. The picture is divided into two main parts upper and lower by a sharp mountain edge. In the upper part of the painting we can see 10 angels flying high in the blue sky, or if to say more exactly, are caught up in emotional explosions of sorrow. Generally, Giotto’s painting expresses a mood of sadness. He uses different devices providing his viewers with possibilities to look at deep space of the painting. He uses foreshortening and it looks like there is a lot of space in this painting. Pastel colours used by the artist create an atmosphere of motion in the painting, or fixed moments of motion if to be more exact. Soft clothing in the lower part of the painting is contrasted with sharp forms of the mountain in the middle of it (Lamentation). Giotto’s new devices belong to the techniques of the Early Renaissance. His painting is 3-dimensional, full of symbols and allegoric meanings (Lamentation). His manner of contrasting human and divine worlds can be seen in the exact depiction of human clothing and angelic images. In such a way Giotto clearly shows that he delimits human and divine worlds. In â€Å"The mourning of Christ† depicts Giotto made an emphasis on mother’s sorrow at Christ.  

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Exchange Relationship Essay Example for Free

Exchange Relationship Essay 1. Introduction Sociologists have long accepted that exchange relationship is a preliminary part of human interaction (Homans 1958; Emerson 1972; Blau 1986). In general, it is accepted by people that who have treated them well should be rewarded and those who have treated them unfriendly or bad should be punished (Gouldner, 1960; Perugini, Gallucci, Presaghi, Ercolani, 2003; Eisenberger, Lynch, Aselage, Rohdieck, 2004). The concept of exchange relationship is a joint activity of two or more people in which individual has something the other values. The specific task in exchange relationship is to bring benefit for people by exchanging behaviors or goods that many people cannot achieve alone (Thibaut Kelley 1959; Homans 1961; Emerson 1972). Exchange relationship originally formulated by Thibaut and Kelley (1959) and Emerson (1972). It is developed and extended by Emerson and Cook (1978) and Molm (1989). Exchange relationship between two people, who exchange resources with each other. People could be individuals or groups. Each individual resource in the exchange relationship are items in that peoples behavior that produce consequences of value for the other people (Emerson, 1972). Firstly, the valued consequences of among people may be tangible objects like money or goods, social rewards such as status or approval, or psychological states such as happiness or self-esteem. The exchange relationship provides people with opportunities to exchange resources, the relations changing in the frequency with opportunities are used after a period of time and the value and distribution of exchange. Since people provide valued benefits for one another, they are depends on each other or interdependence. Interdependence between people varies directly with the value of the benefit other people can provide, or conversely with the availability of the benefit to themselves from alternative sources (Emerson, 1972). These alternatives are other exchange relations as well, connected to each other in larger exchange networks. If exchange in one relation affects the other relation, the two relations are connected. Network connections are positive to the degree that exchange in one relation is accompanying by exchange in the other. On the other hand, negative to the degree that exchange in one relation is without accompanying by the other (Emerson, 1972). Exchange relationship had been used as a fundamental to social stability. According to the Gouldner (1960) existence of the mutual exchanges of benefits is to make the social system to be stable. Flynn and Brockner (2003) stated that both givers and receivers prefer to engage in the exchange in ways that strengthen the relationship with one another. They do not want to engage the exchange relationship in the ways that harm the particular relationship in order to make a stable social system. Exchange relationship serves as a starting mechanism to initiate the social interaction. As refer to Emerson (1972) indicated that the consequences for social relation and social structure are regularly resulting in the exchange relationship as the dependent variable. It is believe that people always form a relationship is resulting from the exchange with attention to gain a certain benefits. It also can help people to interpret, cope and adapt to the relationship formed through the exchange relationship (Larsen Buss, 2005). The exchange relationship has been at the heart of economics theory from the beginning and anthropologists such as Malinowski (1922), Mauss (1925) and Strauss (1969) focused attention on the social implications of exchange. These varied social science perspectives share the observation that exchange can be done through different forms of interaction, including negotiation, gift-giving, and even implicit understandings of direct or indirect reciprocity among individuals in networks, groups, or communities. The resulting social structures and the consequences for social relations are often taken as dependent variables in exchange relationship (Emerson, 1972) 2.0 Content 2.1 What is Ethics? The word ethics comes from the Greek â€Å"ethos† which means the customs, habits and morals of people (Trimble Dickson, 2010). Ethics is defined as a set of moral principles or values. This is the most common way of defining â€Å"ethics† as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour (Resnik, 2011). According to Crommelin and Pline (2007) stated that ethic distinguishes between what is good and bad; determines moral duty and obligations; and establishes principles of conduct for an individual and a professional group. According to Velasquez (2001), he defined ethics as â€Å"The principle of conduct or behaviour that govern an individual or a group of people.† Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell (2010) have also defined ethics as â€Å"Inquiry into the nature and ground of morality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In fact, ethics is deï ¬ ned as the systematic reï ¬â€šection on what is moral. Morality is the judgment of standards and conducts which an individual or group has about what is right and wrong, or good and bad (Velasquez, 2001). Essentially, ethics is the process of examining the moral standards of a person or society in which the degree of reasonableness in applying the moral standards to concrete situations is determined. In short, people need to systematically reflect on what people think is right or wrong. In regards to this, developing a body of moral standards that are reasonable for people to accept and apply to the choices people have to make in life, is the ultimate aim of ethics (Velasquez , 2001). Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is important in adaption of human behaviour (Gintis, Bowles, Boyd Fehr, 2003). Ethical behaviour versus unethical behaviour are based upon the degree to which a proposed act is perceived as right versus wrong, good versus evil, fair versus unfair (Roman, 2003). Human actions would be random and aimless if without ethics. According to Landauer and Rowlands (2001), people are able to organize their action to accomplish their most important values through a degree of rational ethical standard is taken. Humans feel honour toward ethical action and shame toward acting unethically because of human nature as moral beings. So, any flaw in ethics will reduce ability to be successful in the effort. 2.2 Exchange Relationships Exchange relationships refer to the dyadic interaction in which the giving and receiving resources is predicted on the expectation of equitable resources being provided directly in return (Homans, 1958; Blau, 1964). Thus, Blau (1964) defined exchange as unilateral acts of giving that either reciprocate previously rendered favors or are given with expectations of reciprocation. As Gouldner (1960) has pointed out that the need to exchange for the benefits received serves as a starting mechanism of social interaction. When people are thrown together, and before common norms or goals or role expectations have crystallized among them, the advantages to be gained from entering into exchange relations furnish incentives for social interaction, and the exchange processes serve as mechanisms for regulating social interaction, thus fostering the development of a network of social relations and a rudimentary group structure. Therefore in exchange relationships, trust and commitment are the key component to constructs and promote a long-term relationship (Gouldner, 1960; Ganesan, 1994; Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez, 2003). It is well accepted that the trust and commitment are desired dominant sentiments in any exchange relationship. According to the Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez (2003) found that the trust and commitment have a great influence in the exchange relationship directly. These two components serve as a variable to moderate in the exchange relationship. In other words, in order to build an exchange relationship, trust and commitment is the component must take into consideration. 2.2.1 Components in Exchange Relationship a) Trust Most of the researches consider trust as an antecedent of successful exchange relationship (Stanko, 2007; Cater Zabkar, 2008). Trust has long been considered fundamental to exchange relationships (Deutsch, 1962; Blau, 1964). It is one of the most important elements in exchange relationship (Gundlach, Gregory, Achrol, John, Ravi Mentzer, 1995; Geyskens, Inge, Steenkamp, Nirmalya, Jan-Benedict, Kumar, 1999). It is defined as the willingness to rely on an exchange partner with whom one has confidence (Moorman, Christine, Deshpande, Rohit, Gerald Zaltman, 1993; Morgan Hunt, 1994). The existence of trust is a central component in exchange relationship when one party has confidence in an exchange partner’s reliability and integrity (Morgan Hunt, 1994). Hon and Grunig (1999) define trust as one party’s level of confidence in and willingness to open oneself to the other party. An exchange relationship evolves in a slow process, starting with minor transactions in which little trust is required because little risk is involved (Blau, 1964). For instance, Hansen and Riggle (2009) had indicated that the relationship between ethical sales behavior and buyer commitment to the salesperson is completely mediated by buyer trust in the salesperson. Partnering relationships with other individual depend on exchange processes that are characterized by high levels of trust between the parties involved in an exchange (Morgan Hunt, 1994). An exchange relationship requires trusting others to discharge their obligations. If partners in exchange relationship trust each other more, they are more emotionally involved and less consciously weighing the benefits against the costs of that relationship (Wetzls, 1998). In other words, the receiver in an exchange relationship will tend to neglect their obligation to make a reciprocate toward the giver because of the trust build in the exchange relationship make the both partners less concern about the benefits gain compare to the cost invest in the relationship. b) Commitment Commitment in exchange is defined as the belief of an exchange partner that an ongoing relationship with each other is important to warrant maximum efforts aimed at maintaining it, including short-term sacrifices (Kumar, Nirmalya, Scheer, Lisa, Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict, 1994; Morgan Hunt, 1994; Geyskens, Inge, Steenkamp, Nirmalya, Jan-Benedict, Kumar, 1999). Research suggests that commitment is at the core of all exchange relationships and it is an essential ingredient in successful long-term exchange relationships (Anderson Narus, 1998). This means that commitment is a good indicator of long-term exchange relationship. This is because commitment includes an attitudinal component signifying an enduring intention by the parties to develop and maintain a stable long-term relationship (Anderson, Barton, Erin Weitz, 1992). Hon and Grunig (1999) reflect commitment as the extent to which the exchange parties feels that the relationship is worth spending time and energy to maintain. As indicated by Moorman, Zaltman, and Deshpande (1993), commitment defined as an enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship. 2.2.2 Interdependence in Exchange Relationship Interdependence plays pivotal roles in the exchange relationship. A shared concept among all exchange relationship derived by researcher is interdependence between people (Thibaut Kelly 1959; Homan, 1961; Blau, 1998). An individual’s behavior in exchange relationship is dependent on the other’s behavior in order to drive the interaction. According to the Blau (1998) states that interdependence is not in itself sufficient enough for exchange relationship to exist between two people. Blau (1998) suggests that there is another criterion to meet the existence of exchange relationship which is interaction with another specific individual which whom one is interdependent. Interdependences occur when someone has performed a favor to an individual is required to reciprocate that favor by that particular individual. If that person fails to reciprocate then they are seen as ungrateful and interdependence is not obtained. However, if the favor is reciprocated then it induces the other to reciprocate in kind and encourages both parties to continue such exchange. Each individual’s behavior in this exchange is dependent on the other’s behavior in order to drive the interaction. If one was to fail to reciprocate, the exchange would then halt and interdependence would no longer exist. 2.3 Importance of Exchange Relationship in Individual Behaviors Exchange relationship is an important and normal phenomenon that happening everywhere and everyday in human life. Most of the studies have examined that either how givers respond to favor they have performed (Cialdini, 1993; Latane Darley, 1970) and how a receivers respond to that favors have been done for them (Gergen, Ellsworth, Maslach Seipel, 1975; Nadler, 1991). The exchange relationship is purportedly maintained by invoking the norm of reciprocity which is stipulates that people should help those who have helped them (Gouldner, 1960). The norm of reciprocity act as a social rule that maintains, among other thing, that people should return favors and other acts of kindness (Gouldner, 1960). Blau (1964) establish the notion that individuals prefer to maintain balance in their exchanges. For individuals to enter into mutually beneficial exchange relationships, they have able to commit to fulfill their contractual obligations. A lender will not lend without being assured that the borrower will not invest the money in a hopeless venture or take the money and run. Particularly, neither givers nor receivers prefer to engage in favors exchange in ways that strengthen their relationship with one another (Flynn Brockner, 2003). This means that they will do not want to engage in favor exchange in ways that harm their relationship. A proper structure of our relationships in a manner will enables us to benefit from exchange. For instance, an individual would enter into exchange relationship unless assured that the exchange can indeed make him better off and that the other party would act in manner that will make him better off. 2.4 Exchange Relationship in Organization The relationship between employees and their organizations has often been described as an exchange relationship (Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982; Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986; Rousseau, 1989). Member of organizations often request favors to perform tasks or obtain resources they might not be able to perform or obtain alone (Blau, 1964). Exchange relationship between the leaders and subordinates develop from the interactions between these parties and motivated by the mutual benefits derived from the exchange (Blau, 1964; Brown Trevino, 2006). An effective exchanges relationship must be created between the parties in order to increase their dependence upon each other for long term survival. Leader and subordinates have closer relationships, the latter will tend to receive better performance evaluations and more promotion opportunities. In addition, mutual trust, respect and care are more likely to happen between subordinates and their employers (Graen, Novak, Sommerka mp, 1982). In return, the subordinates will show more loyalty and respect toward their leader. Organizational commitments have emphasized the importance of employee perceptions of the exchange relationship with the organization. Many scholar like Major, Kozlomski, Chao and Gardner (1995) and Lee (2001) indicate that the high quality of the leader-member exchange relationship such as employees empowerment, attracting reward and compensation is positively correlated with the organizational commitment and negatively correlated with turnover. This is because they tend to be satisfied with the organization. A large number of studies have shown that employees who feel that they have been empowered are likely to remain more committed to their organizations (Allen Meyer, 1990; Liden, Wayne Sparrowe, 2000). Empowered employees will consider themselves more capable of influencing their work and organization in a more meaningful way and more willing to stay in the organization. This is where the exchange relationship exists when a employees had empowered by their managers will willing to remain and work for the organization as a return. There are two important frameworks for exchange relationship in organization which are psychological contracts and perceived organizational support. Psychological contract is means that an individual’s belief regarding the terms and conditions of an exchange relationship with another party in organization (Rousseau, 1989). Perceived organizational support captures an individual’s perception concerning the degree to which an organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986). These two frameworks are similar in that they are both grounded in exchange relationship as the explanatory mechanism for their consequences on employees’ attitude and behavior. The psychological contract and perceived organizational support are also both positioned as key means by which an employee globally evaluates the employment relationship with the organization. Perceived organizational support is one-sided in that it focuses on the employer’s side of the exchange as perceived by employees. Psychological contract includes an employee and employer perspective which is the contingent relationship between an employee’s perception of the reciprocal obligation between that individual and the employer (Jacqueline, Shapiro Conway, 2005). 2.5 Relationship Between Exchange Relationship And Ethics Exchange relationship and ethics are two concepts that correlated. These two concepts are explained in theory which is able to enhance the understanding of the concept. Exchange relationship is a dyadic interaction between two parties by giving and receiving resources while ethics are the basic concepts of human conduct. An ethical action can build a long-term exchange relationship. According to Hansen (2011) says that someone who had perceived as an ethical people will more likely to gain a trust from others and develop an exchange relationship easily with them. As mentioned above, trust is one of the elements in building an exchange relationship. In other words, behave ethically can gain trust easily from others party. Exchange relationship can be developed through the trust between two parties (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000). Besides that, commitment tends to be higher between the parties who involved in exchange relationship due to ethical behavior. This is because they perceived ethical behavior can make them constantly engage in particular relationship. By referring to Gouldner (1960) norm of reciprocity which act as a social rule that maintains, among other things, that people should return favors and other acts in kindness. This means that peoples should treat others as how they want to be treated. If an individual act ethically will tend to influence people around them to act ethically. This is a learning process take place where people learn to behave ethically during interaction in exchange relationship. Therefore, people will learn to behave ethically to affect others to act ethically so that they can be gain the ethical treatment from the others as well. According to the Brown and Trevino (2006), ethical individuals are a role model for the others to follow because they tend to seek to do the right thing and conduct their personal lives in an ethical manner. For instance, an ethical leaders in organization are in the habit of seeking out â€Å"what is right† (Brown Trevino, 2006). This means that they are tend to make a fair and balanced decision from a means rather than just an ends perspective (Brown Trevino, 2006). Most studies consider how the managers’ ethical attitudes and behaviors influence those of their direct subordinates and how the subordinate respond toward it (Porter, Allen Angle, 1983; Ginzel, Kramer Sutton, 1993; Pfeffer, 1997). Leaders who are perceived as ethical will positively influence employee work behavior (Mayer, Kuenzi, Greenbaum, Bardes, Salvador, 2009). In other words, a manager who acts ethically can make a great influence toward employee’s behavior in exchange relationship. By referring to the relational leadership theory (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000) stated that an ethical leader are likely to develop the exchange relationships between the leader and subordinate because ethical leaders exemplify the essential of trustworthiness in the eyes of their subordinate. In an organization, the subordinates who perceive their leader to be an ethical people will be more likely to perceive this leader as a trustworthy leader and intend to continue in the exchange relationship development process with that leader (Hansen, 2011). In other words, an ethical leader who are honest, seek to do the right thing and holding high moral standards will lead their subordinate to perceive them as a trustworthy leader. This perception of trustworthiness on the ethical leader will act as a catalyst to the development of the exchange relationship between the leader and subordinate (Brower, Schoorman Tan, 2000). Exchange relationships between ethical leaders and their subordinates develop from interactions between these parties and are motivated by the mutual benefits derived from the exchanges (Blau, 1964; Brown Trevino, 2006). Ethical leaders are more likely to develop a strong exchange relationship with their subordinate because they are trusted by their subordinates. Scholars have been suggested that exchange relationships are related to discussions of ethical leadership (Brown, Trevino Harrison, 2005; Brown Trevino, 2006). Exchange relationships require a significant amount of trust the part of exchanging parties. In other words, keeping the definition of ethical leadership in mind that characterizes ethical leaders as being ‘trusted’ by their subordinates, it is quite likely that a subordinate who perceives his or her leader to be an ethical leader will also perceive this leader to be trustworthy. 3.0 Conclusion Exchange relationship is important in human interaction. Exchange relationship is a dyadic interaction between the individual in order to gain something from other and reciprocate something as return. Norm of reciprocity serves as a guideline for individual to deal in the exchange relationship. In exchange relationship, Batson (1993) claims that an individual assume that benefits are given with the expectation of receiving a benefit in return while the receipt of benefits incur in a debt or obligation to return a comparable benefits. The benefits that issue must be intentionally given and may include anything of use or value, tangible or intangible; they need not involve money or things for which monetary value can be calculated (Clark Mills, 1979). Ethic is study of moral principle while it helps in govern our decision making and moral choices (Ianinska Zamor, 2006). Human actions always judge by others in term of ethical or unethical. Without ethic act as guide for human, human a ction will tend to be aimless. From the study, exchange relationship is required the involvement of trust and commitment elements. These two elements is important in generate a successful exchange relationship. Trust and commitment is the key component in promoting a long-term exchange relationship (Gouldner, 1960; Sanzo, Santos, Vazquez, Alvarez, 2003). These two elements serve as a starting point for an exchange relationship to be generated. Before an exchange relationship build, the two party must have a certain degree level of trust between them. Without a minimum level of trust, it is hard to deal in exchange relationship. This is because exchange involves a certain level of risk need to be taken (Blau, 1964). Besides that, interdependent is also play an important role in exchange relationship. Interdependent will occur when each of the party who delivered some favors to another party is required a return for that favour from the recipient. Therefore, the exchange relationship only can be exits through interd ependent individuals. For the individual behaviour, exchange relationship will not run away from their interaction. It is focus on how the parties perform and respond to the favour in exchange relationship (Cialdini, 1993; Latane Darley, 1970; Gergen, Ellsworth, Maslach, Seipel, 1975; Nadler, 1991). A mutually benefits is expected by both of the party in exchange relationship. Therefore, individual will expect toward the benefits to be gained when making an exchange with particular individual. Exchange relationship is vital for organization as well. As the most scholar had study the exchange relationship between the employees and organization widely (Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982; Rousseau, 1989; Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison Sowa, 1986). In deep, the leader and employees move in a same direction because of willingness to exchange their value each others. For instance, the manager empowered their employee and the employees feel satisfy then they tend to perform well and commit in their duty as well as the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990; Liden, Wayne, Sparrowe, 2000). At the end, the organization is the greater beneficial receiver. Next, study on relationship between exchange relationship and ethics is the main discussion part. The researches have widely examine this topic by reflect it in the organization (Brown Trevino, 2006; Porter, Allen Angle, 1983; Ginzel, Kramer Sutton, 1993; Pfeffer, 1997). It is explain that how a person to behave ethically in exchange relationship. Normally, a person will get influence by the ethical individual in exchange relationship. For instance, Mayer, Kuenzi, Greenbaum, Bardes and Salvador (2009) claim that the ethical leader can influence their subordinate behavior in the organization. Employees will perceive the ethical leader as their role model. These means that employees will tend to be trust on their leader due to the moral principle hold by their leader. In other words, leader established a positive behaviour toward their subordinate, the subordinate will tend to act the same way in manner. In exchange, employees to be more commitment toward their leader as well as org anization due to the ethical leader had gain a trust from their employees. Last but not least, two relevant theories had been established to explain the concept of exchange relationship and ethics. Social exchange theory and leader member exchange theory had been used to provide a clear understand of the topic. Social exchange theory is the human fundamental activity aid to clarify about social behaviour through the exchange relationship. This theory explain that in exchange relationship, an individual should reciprocate on the favour that given by the giver on a pro quo basis (Brown Mitchell, 2010; Blau, 1964). In general, social exchange theory had involved three main types of exchange which are negotiated exchange, reciprocal exchange, and generalized exchange. Each of the type served in different situation in term of risk involvement. Another theory that been used is leader member theory. This theory helps in explain how the exchange relationships occur among the employer and employees. From this theory, the exchange relationship among the leader and employee is related to the quality of the relationship. Throughout this relationship, leader and subordinate will generate a trust among them to establish the exchange relationship. A high quality of relationship involves showing mutual respect, concern and sharing of decision control (Dienesch Liden, 1986; Liden Maslyn, 1993). Therefore, exchange for benefits can be developed easily between the leader and subordinate.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Walt Whitman :: Essays Papers

Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in the West Hills of Long Island, New York. His mother, Louisa Van Velsor, a Dutch Quaker, whom he adored, was barely literate. She never read his poetry, but gave him unconditional love. His father was an Englishman, and a carpenter who built houses, and a stern disciplinarian. He was a friend of Tom Paine, whose pamphlet Common Sense (1776), urging the colonists to throw off English domination was in his sparse library. It is doubtful that his father read any of his son's poetry, or would have understood it if he had. The senior Walt was too busy with the struggle to support his ever-growing family of nine children, four of whom were handicapped. Walt, the second of nine, was taken from public school at the age of eleven to help support the family. At the age of twelve he started to learn the printer's trade, and began to admire the written and printed word. He was mainly self-taught. He read as much as could, and read such authors as Homer, Dante, Shakespeare and Scott early in his life. He knew the Bible thoroughly, and as a God-influenced poet, desired to initiate a religion uniting all of humanity in bonds of friendship. In 1836, at the age of 17, he began his career as a teacher in the one-room schoolhouses of Long Island. He permitted his students to call him by his first name, and devised learning games for them in arithmetic and spelling. He continued to teach school until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career. He soon became editor for a number of Brooklyn and New York papers. From 1846 to 1847 Whitman was the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Whitman went to New Orleans in 1848, where he was editor for a brief time of the "New Orleans Crescent". In that city he had become fascinated with the French language. Many of his poems contain words of French derivation. It was in New Orleans that he experienced at first hand the inhumanity of slavery in the slave markets of that city. On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848, he founded an abolitionist newspaper, the "Brooklyn Freeman". Between 1848 and 1855 he developed the style of poetry that caught the attention of literary men such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Walt Whitman :: Essays Papers Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in the West Hills of Long Island, New York. His mother, Louisa Van Velsor, a Dutch Quaker, whom he adored, was barely literate. She never read his poetry, but gave him unconditional love. His father was an Englishman, and a carpenter who built houses, and a stern disciplinarian. He was a friend of Tom Paine, whose pamphlet Common Sense (1776), urging the colonists to throw off English domination was in his sparse library. It is doubtful that his father read any of his son's poetry, or would have understood it if he had. The senior Walt was too busy with the struggle to support his ever-growing family of nine children, four of whom were handicapped. Walt, the second of nine, was taken from public school at the age of eleven to help support the family. At the age of twelve he started to learn the printer's trade, and began to admire the written and printed word. He was mainly self-taught. He read as much as could, and read such authors as Homer, Dante, Shakespeare and Scott early in his life. He knew the Bible thoroughly, and as a God-influenced poet, desired to initiate a religion uniting all of humanity in bonds of friendship. In 1836, at the age of 17, he began his career as a teacher in the one-room schoolhouses of Long Island. He permitted his students to call him by his first name, and devised learning games for them in arithmetic and spelling. He continued to teach school until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career. He soon became editor for a number of Brooklyn and New York papers. From 1846 to 1847 Whitman was the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Whitman went to New Orleans in 1848, where he was editor for a brief time of the "New Orleans Crescent". In that city he had become fascinated with the French language. Many of his poems contain words of French derivation. It was in New Orleans that he experienced at first hand the inhumanity of slavery in the slave markets of that city. On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848, he founded an abolitionist newspaper, the "Brooklyn Freeman". Between 1848 and 1855 he developed the style of poetry that caught the attention of literary men such as Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Good and Bad Memory in Academic Study

I. Abstract Improving memory has always been a critical issue of most concern for every person in general, particularly for students in academic learning. Accordingly, our research aims to examine some possible explanations for both students’ good and bad memory in academic study. Another approach of this study is to look for the solutions to students’ poor memory performance. To collect the data, a questionnaire was developed and delivered to 60 English students in the context of Hanoi University.The findings suggest that although most of students have general knowedge about memory skills, not many of them efficiently employ what they have absorded. In conjunction with ineffective study methods, laziness, low concentration and overlearning are the main factors lowering students’ memory. Consequently, a good memory skill is not enough, more important than that is the practice of training the brain every day to reach the best of memory ability. II. IntroductionApp arently, people are now overwhelmingly bombarded by a huge amount of information which changes and multiplies every day. Hence, it is of great necessity for each individual to have a good memory so as to perceive and deal with such large knowledge. However, it is a fact that many people, including students have trouble memorizing. According to Tony (2008), as much as 95 percent of people suffer from major problems related to memory. He claims the reason explained for this is that people have little access to methods or skills to â€Å"best utilize their inherent capacities† (p. 2). In our research, we mainly focus on a group of freshmen and sophomores of Hanoi University to find out why students sometimes feel helpless with their memory and in what ways they can boost their retentive memory in academic study. III. Materials and methods For the data collection purpose, a questionnaire serves as the most practical and effective tool due to its convenience and speediness, especi ally when the survey conducted involves people on a large scale. Our questionnaire consists of two parts, namely reasons and solutions, representing five questions on the whole.Specifically, the first part is to identify the number of English students of Hanoi University (English Hanuers) having access to memory skills at school as well as how they evaluate their memory ability. The reasons constituting to participants’ poor memory are in particular examined. The second part is designed in attempt to specify memory’s kind most students possess. Besides, some memory skills are suggested to see the most applicable in academic study. Prior to the real delivery, we had a trial version conducted in our class. The result shows that some informants were confused about the question order.Accordingly, an alternative was developed as respond to subjects’ problems. 60 questionnaires were randomly administered to 60 students on a voluntary basis in April, 2012. Both English freshmen and sophomores participated in the survey, among whom, female numbers as the major ones. It took us one week to implement the survey and one more day to sort out appropriate sheets. Of 60 questionnaires delivered, 8 were invalid as not being completed, therefore; 52 left met standards for final tabulation. Data analysis was undertaken as the next step.In the first part, the respondents’ answer is divided into two groups, depending on their option in the 2nd question. If students label themselves as owning a good memory, they will proceed to answer question on reasons and factors involved. In contrast, those who believe to possess a poor memory will be asked to respond to a list of possible causes. The second part contains two smaller sections. The first section is composed of four questions including twelve options, which could be divided into three groups. Described in each group are some basis symptoms, in consequence featuring visual memory, auditory memory and k inesthetic memory.The next section presents some suggestive memory skills for students to choose which one they mostly employ. Based on respondents’ choice, we synthesized and analyzed which memory aids are useful academically. IV. Results and Discussion 1. The reasons contributing towards students’ poor memory In order to make the data analysis clearer and easier to understand, we divided the respondents’ answer into two groups, namely group A and group B. Group A contains students whose answer is ‘yes’ to the question whether they were taught about memory skills at school. And others who ticked ‘no’ for the question mentioned above belong to group B. . The statistics of English Hanuers who have been taught about memory skills at school Table 1:The access of English Hanuers to memory skills at school |Access to memory skills at school |Number of respondents (†¦/52) |Percentage (%) | |Group A |37 |71 | |Group B |15 |29 |Table 1 sh ows the access of English students of Hanoi University to memory skills at school. As presented in the table 1, as much as 71% of respondents have learned about memory skills at school. What can be traced from the table is that a large number of subjects, in the investigation’s scope, more or less have some knowledge base related to memory. Understandably, it is the obvious fact that people are increasingly aware of the importance of memory in an individual’s success (William, 2009). Students, especially those studying foreign language are not the exception.It is of great fundament for English learners to develop the degree of memory to increase their language acquisition. The more they understand how their memory works and how to work with it, the more they enjoy the power of memory in their learning. Nevertheless, the matter should be taken into consideration is the effectiveness of those memory skills to students’ performance. The claim that students who have access to lesson related to memory skills have a better memory than those who do not will be investigated in the next part. . 2 The comparison between the percentage of respondents who have a good memory and those who do not [pic] Figure 2: The percentage of good and bad memory of taught and untaught memory-skill students Figure 2 compares the proportion held by participants who evaluate themselves as having good memory and those suffering from poor memory between two groups. The result appears to be different from our expectation. Among students in group B, the percentage of those possessing a good memory is much higher than that of in group A.Specifically, nearly 70% of students in group B is determined to own good memory which opposes to that in group A with only 46%. This fact can be partly explained by the ineffectiveness in students’ learning styles and memory methods which lead them to encounter difficulties in memorizing. Language learners may suffer more from memory inability since they have to deal with a large number of vocabularies and structures in everyday learning. From what is presented in the chart, it can be probably concluded that English Hanuers still somehow face difficulties making use of what they conceive at school.Obviously, although educators put priority in optimizing students to effectively master their study, students seem to find it difficult to take the knowledge into practical application. 1. 3a Reasons contributing to good memory [pic] Figure 3a: Reasons for good memory. It is clearly shown in the pie chart 3a that among students having good memory, the number of those who see it as the result of long-run practice makes up to 65%, outnumbering those who are naturally inherited with 35%. It is possibly inferred from the data that the mnemonic competence can be boosted and strengthened by day-by-day practice with the suitable memorizing methods.Of the same viewpoint, Higbee (2001) states that practice plays as a key facto r to memory improvement. It is a fact that the number of people who are born with excellent innate memory is very small, and majority of people gradually reach the state of having good memory by practice. In Kazt’s findings (2006), most people employ about 10% of their memory ability. He also emphasizes that there is no bad innate brain, but it is because of people’s underestimation of what their memory can do which causes their memory’s limitation.Many students, generally, are of the opinion that their memory is out of control, which results in the less success of memory practice. 1. 3b Reasons contributing to students’ poor memory 1. Low concentration 2. Overlearning 3. Laziness 4. Knowledge disuse 5. Low understanding 6. Negative learning attitude [pic] (The total number is over 100% because the respondents tick more than one option) Figure 3b: Reasons for bad memory Bar chart 3b displays some common reasons contributing towards students’ bad me mory. Generally, English Hanuers suffer from poor memory with combination of reasons.Of the six factors provided, laziness ranks as the most popular one to be blamed on (64%). Following next are overlearning and low concentration which share the same number of 56%. Coincidently, we got the same incidence of 32% for low understanding together with negative learning attitude as the key elements to students’ memory inability. Meanwhile, knowledge disuse is mentioned as the most unpopular factor resulting in respondents’ poor memory performances. It comes as no surprise to us that laziness is revealed as the main reason leading to students’ poor memory.The congruent result is presented in Higbee’s work (2001) when he claims that laziness plays an important role in people’s deficient and ineffective memory. Manifestly, memorizing and memory use for study are a complex and complicated process which requires a great deal of effort and determination. And a bout 95% of information will be forgotten if learners do not retrieve it in a proper way (Adam, 2009). Therefore, laziness appears to be a huge barrier preventing students from boosting up their memory.Also, being distracted and having too much knowledge to learn are the common reasons as students usually complain that they are out of breath because of the huge amount of knowledge and information absorbed. Some students find it hard to focus on study and remember things since they have to cope with a great deal of interference such as part-time job, finance, love affair, and so on. It varies from person to person in the reasons and factors accounting for their experiencing memory difficulties and there may be a combination between the outside and the inside causes.However, what it is down to is that it is students themselves who are the most responsible to their memory inability. 2. Solutions 1. Memory types of English students of Hanoi University [pic] Figure 4: Memory types of Eng lish students of Hanoi University Figure 4 describes the memory types of English Hanuers. As generally demonstrated from the findings, participants belong to various types of memory. Not only do they possess single type of memory but also those of combination. Nevertheless, more students belong to single types than mixed types.Of six categories provided, visual memory is the most preferred one as 31% of students are classified in this category. People owning visual memory type have tendency to memorize by creating mental images, looking at pictures and diagrams. Auditory memory refers to people who memorize information better through melodies, beats and rhythms. They prefer to hear instructions or lectures rather than watch or write, and better take in information presented orally (Cusimano, 2001). As shown in the chart, 23% of respondents belong to type of auditory memory.Meanwhile, 15% of the subjects show that they are likely to be in the group of kinaesthetic memory. Those prefe r trying or experiencing things to memorize and they tend to enjoy activities more during class time. [pic] Figure 5: Memory skills used to better memory Figure 5 presents some memory skills students use to better their memory. Connecting old and new information is the most popular methods to be employed by English Hanuers (42. 3%). Meanwhile, 30. 8% of respondents feel that using mindmaps helps them most in studying and remembering things.Taking notes while studying seems less effective as just only 26. 9% of students choose it as their favorite method to memorize. Undeniably, new information can be easily memorized if it is organized based on the connection with the background knowledge. The better you understand the subject, the longer and more vividly you remember it. Using mindmaps is considered as an effective skill in improving memory because it boosts the react of both sides of the brain (Tony, 2008). Users not only create a mental image but also depict a real map on the pap er, which help the brain ave time to transfer the information into long-term memory. Taking notes while studying also is very important since students cannot remember all the contents during the class. It is a muscle activity, and the fact is that our muscles have significantly better memories than our heads (Kesselman- Turkel, Peterson, 1982). When writing something down, you will remember more efficienly than just only read or listen. Moreover, the lecturer or professional may give a lot of precious and interesting information from their knowledge and experience, which are not written in any books.Hence, it is vital for a student to take notes for reviewing after class time. However, because of laziness, some students still have the wrong awareness of note-taking skill. IV. Conclusion In brief, this small-scale paper investigates reasons and solutions to poor memory among English students of Hanoi University. Firstly, laziness, low concentration and over-learning are the most comm on factors contributing towards students’ memory inability. With regards to these problems, some memory skills are recommended. Different students choose their own method which helps them remember most effectively.They highly appreciate the connection between background knowledge and new information as well as the role of reviewing in memory’s improvement. However, because of the small scale of the research conducted, the limitations are unavoidable. We failed to testify the correlation between students’ memory types and their most favorite memory skill. Hence, in further research, this should be taken into consideration as an important key point. It is our attempt in giving some brief review about memory and the ways to boost students’ memory.We hope that the research helps students identify their memory’s type and define the most effective skills and study methods. REFERENCES Adam, K. (2002). I'm a gifted, so are you. England, Times Media Pte Ltd . Cusimano, A. (2001). Learning disability, there’s a cure. Pennsylvania, Achieve Publications. Harry, L. (2000). How to develop a power memory. New York, NY: Free Press. Higbee, K. L. (2001). Your memory: how it works and how to improve it. New York, NY: Maloew and Company Katz, E. (2006). Secrets of a super memory. New York, NY: Free Press.Kesselman-Turkel, J. & Peterson, F. (1982) Note-taking made easy, Lincolnwood, IL: Contemporary books. Tony, B. (2002). Mind maps book. USA, Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. Tony, B. (2008). Use your head. London, BBC Pubns. William, W. A. (2009). Memory: How to develop, train and use it. UK, The Elizabeth T- wne. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE We are Hoang Thi Hoa and Dam Thi My Hanh, from class 11a10. Our research aims to investigate the reasons contributing to the students’ poor memory and also find out some effective ways to hasten their memory.We would be grateful for your honesty in answering these questions. Thank you so much for y our cooperation. I. REASONS 1. Were you taught anything about your memory skills at school? ? Yes ? No 2. Do you think that you have a good memory? ? Yes ? No ( If yes, skip question 4, if no, skip question 3) 3. What could be the reasons explained for your good memory? ? Naturally, I have a good memory ? It is the result of my practice Other(s):†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( please specify) 4. What factor(s), in your opinion, contributes to your poor memory? You unable to concentrate when you study ? You have to learn too much knowledge at a time ? You are lazy ? You disuse what you have learned ? You do not understand clearly what you learned ? You try to remember only when you are forced to ? You have negative attitude when having something to study and remember II. SOLUTIONS A. TO BEST REMEMBER INFORMATION,†¦ (circle only one for each question) 1. When lea rning new words, I often try to†¦ a. Visualize the word b. Say the word aloud c. Write the word 2. When needing concentration to study, I usually†¦ a. Look at something carefully . Listen to music c. Find a quiet place 3. When reading, I†¦ a. Like descriptive scenes b. Enjoy conversations and try to hear the characters c. Prefer actions and do not like reading much 4. When learning something new, I†¦ a. Like to see diagrams or pictures b. Prefer to hear instructions or like to talk about it with someone else c. Prefer to jump right in and try it B. TO BETTER MY MEMORY, I†¦ ? using mind maps ? connecting old and new information ? taking note while study Other(s):†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (please specify) THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR COOPERATION!

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Culture Bound Syndrome

Cultural-Bound Syndrome Yasenta Newman Immaculata University July 31, 2012 Dr. Sudol-Regan PSY 608 The term culture-bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The term cultural-bound syndrome is said to be recurrent with specific patterns of abnormal behavior that can be linked to a particular DSM-IV-TR diagnostic category. Many of these patterns is said to be considered illnesses. The particular symptoms, development, and social responses are influenced by limited cultural factors. It is also limited to specific cultures.The knowledge about the culture-bound syndromes could help address the relationships between the syndromes and the disorders in DSM-IV. Researchers call this the comorbidity question on the assumption that studying the culture-bound syndrome's patterned relationship to psychiatric diagnoses is a more productive approach than attempting to include it prematurely into the DSM diagnostic categories. S ystematic research has identified strong correlations between culture-bound syndromes and criteria for a psychiatric disorder. But, there is rarely a one-to-one relationship between a culture-bound syndrome and a psychiatric disorder.The culture-bound syndromes is said to coexist with a range of psychiatric disorders and the comorbidity question brings culture-bound syndrome research in with current approaches in the psychiatric research. The differences in the symptomatic, emotional, and contextual aspects of cultural syndromes are said to signal different relationships with psychiatric diagnoses. The extra addition of culture-bound syndromes in DSM-IV provides the opportunity for improving the need to study this syndrome and the chance for developing a research to study it.The growing ethnic and cultural diversity of the U. S. population presents a challenge to the mental health field to develop truly cross-cultural approaches to mental health research and services. This addition can give researchers the chance to study the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric diagnoses. In my opinion, a research program based on key questions goes one-sided. By understanding the culture-bound syndromes within the cultural context can help analyze the relationship between these syndromes and the psychiatric disorders.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Service-Oriented Architecture Essay Essays

Service-Oriented Architecture Essay Essays Service-Oriented Architecture Essay Essay Service-Oriented Architecture Essay Essay Businesss have been dependable on package suppliers for a piece ; the package suppliers are the nucleuss to many concerns. For a long clip many concern companies relied on endeavor package suppliers. This package was non flexible to the demands of companies and companies had to construct their concern processes around the IT systems that were available to them. These IT systems are non popular to the company’s mentality on it because they lacked many facets of what a company was looking for. Particularly when it came to the design of the system. It cost companies. which means they had no pick to redesign the IT systems every bit fast as they can so it can back up the new concern procedures. This job merely lead to one clear apprehension. it was traveling to be concerns much more money so they expected to pass ; which means that companies paid big sum of money for package that will be rapidly outdated and with out-of-date package means more jobs for the concern. When it comes to any company. a customer’s trust is what makes and interrupt a company. That’s why companies want to widen their concern processes to acquire closer to their clients. The ways-they privation to derive this connexion with the clients are: Service-Oriented Architecture. happening package that suit the specific demands of the company and non holding to utilize package suppliers as a clasp to keep on to the concern. SOA leads to break constituents and interfaces. which means it becomes efficient package. This new coevals of corporate package is more flexible and it is better for the employees and clients.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Advanced research methods - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Advanced research methods - Smart Custom Writing Functions of fleet managementThe function of fleet management is to enable organizations which depend on transportation in their operations to discard or reduce perils associated with motor investment, improving competency, productivity and minimize the long run expenses, and offering policies which are 100% government friendly among others (Crainic, p 10). Fleet management involves vehicles such as Lorries, tractors, cars, containers among others. It comes with a wide range of functions which includes maintenance, tracking and health management. A system of tracking, GPS (global positioning system), can be used to perform all these functions (Broida, p11). A recent study indicates that, commercially, the numbers of fleet units which are in offing in Europe are over one million (Crainic, p 12). This article attempts to define the possible on-going functions in fleet management. It will highlight the differences between the initial activities from on going functions in fleet managemen t. Finally, it will explain why the ongoing functions are needed (Crainic, p 13). The major function of fleet management it motor tracking system. Basically, this system uses global positioning system (Broida, p11). This particular system is so efficient that it can track a car in any place in different languages. This is one of the on going functions. Initially this was difficult because the GPS facility was not in the offing (Broida, p11). Another ongoing function is getting information by linking the motor with the global positioning system to get information for the user. When this is done, it assists in getting rate of fuel consumption and readings on the mileage. Initially, this was only possible physically and not through the computer (Dolce, p32). Fleet management has played a big role in getting information how the drivers are carrying themselves around. This has been made possible by integrating information from the tracking device and the computer. This is yet another on-going function by fleet management which initially was not possible (Dolce, p35). Another important function is the security. The security covers the car while at rest or while moving and it carefully disconnects the car while on the move. Through this, the fleet management has made it possible to recover any stolen car. The security is yet another development which was not there initially. This service is needed because it helps in reducing losses as far as the number of vehicles stolen is concerned (Broida, p23). Ship management is control of the ship while in water. This basically is done so as the fleet management can provide competent staff, offer maintenance and manage the daily operations. By doing this, the owner is given an opportunity to go book cargo. Initially, the whole responsibility was left in the hands of the owner. This type of arrangement is needed so as to ensure quality services are offered by the ships (Broida, p25). The device that disconnects vehicles using a remote is yet another function of fleet management. This facility does not allow the engine to work and therefore the car does not move (Crainic, p 22). The system is even able to alert the one driving the car that the disconnection is almost happening. The same system of disconnecting remote can be merged with danger remote so that in case of an urgent thing the driver can easily communicate thus the situation is addressed immediately (Crainic, p 22). Initially the remote had only the key responsibility of disconnecting the engine but it has been discovered it can be used to alert I case of emergency. This is needed because it can be used to reduce accidents on the road and in water (Crainic, p 23). In conclusion, fleet management has experienced what can be said to be a milestone if compared with its functions initially. The advancement of technology has made it possible for global positioning system to be discovered. This has seen the fleet management grow. Works cited: Crainic, T.G., Crainic, G. Fleet management and logistics New York: Springer, 1998 2-56 Dolce, J. Fleet management New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984 3-46 Broida, R. How to do everything with your GPS New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 4-78

Saturday, November 2, 2019

A Short Story of Dr. Hillary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

A Short Story of Dr. Hillary - Essay Example Dr. Hillary nodded and left the room, making his way back to the fourth floor to do his duties.He stepped into the sterile, stainless steel elevator and pushed the button marked â€Å"four†, he was alone. â€Å"Alone,† he thought mournfully to himself. â€Å"I’m always alone.† Emily’s mother, Robin, had died from cancer that had been induced by a fertility drug called DZT, which had been taken off the market due to lawsuits that proved it caused female cancer. She was convinced that she could both carry the baby and beat cancer, but she was wrong. Brad had tried desperately to talk his wife, into terminating the pregnancy and save her own life. But she would hear nothing of the sort. â€Å"Catholics,† he thought to himself vehemently. â€Å"What kind of religion tells people to die instead of losing a baby when they have cancer?† They had had so many dreams, so many plans when they had first met in undergraduate school. He wanted to be a good husband and father, as well as a prominent physician. He had planned to do this with Robin, back home in Brettsburg, Indiana. However, after struggling through years of med-school and reaching many of his goals, Brad still wanted more. He wanted to move to Chicago or New York and accept one of the lucrative offers he had received to practice there. He even had an offer from Sloane – Kettering, one of the finest cancer hospitals in the world. However, he had promised Robin they would stay in Brettsburg and serve in a small rural hospital in the community where they had both grown up. â€Å"What was I thinking?†... â€Å"Catholics,† he thought to himself vehemently. â€Å"What kind of religion tells people to die instead of losing a baby when they have cancer?† They had had so many dreams, so many plans when they had first met in undergraduate school. He wanted to be a good husband and father, as well as a prominent physician. He had planned to do this with Robin, back home in Brettsburg, Indiana. However, after struggling through years of med-school and reaching many of his goals, Brad still wanted more. He wanted to move to Chicago or New York and accept one of the lucrative offers he had received to practice there. He even had an offer from Sloane – Kettering, one of the finest cancer hospitals in the world. However, he had promised Robin they would stay in Brettsburg and serve in a small rural hospital in the community where they had both grown up. â€Å"What was I thinking?† He thought to himself. Stuck in this one horse town with a first-rate education and clos e to half a million dollars in student loans. But he had kept his promise and worked at Brettsburg General in this crappy, little town as he had promised. It all changed when Robin died. Brad found himself a single parent, stuck in a nowhere town with an infant doomed to die. On reaching his office, Brad sat down and continued recounting his years of dealing with this debacle of a life, at least his student loans were paid off he thought to himself and at least he had sued the drug bastards for millions and won. Yet he still felt empty, bitter and alone. What did three million dollars mean without his Robin? Years had gone by slowly with his daughter Emily and himself. He thought about the string of girlfriends he had trifled through; he never wanted to feel that pain again, of deep

Thursday, October 31, 2019

99 Cent V. Lancaster Redevelopment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

99 Cent V. Lancaster Redevelopment - Coursework Example The loss of Costco would result in the loss of over $400,000 generated from sales tax each year. The 99 Cent Only store only generated about $40,000. Lancaster tried to use the power of eminent domain to obtain the property of the 99 Cent Only store but was sued - and lost.Similar to the decision of the Supreme Court, I would have ruled in favor of 99 Cent Only Stores. While laws would have allowed Lancaster Redevelopment Agency to remove and redevelop a slummy, blighted area, the 99 Cent Only Store was not found to be blighted. "Under Health & Safety Code 33030, a blighted area is one which is 80% urbanized, and a physical and economical liability which cannot be reversed or alleviated without redevelopment." (Fergusson, 2005). The Fifth Amendment protects property owners from having their property taken by the government unless it is for public use. It seems to me that if Lancaster seized the property from 99 Cent Only Stores, it would be for Costco's use (so it could expand) and f or Lancaster's own use (so it could obtain greater revenue from sales tax).However, if brought to court today, after the decision made by the Supreme Court in 2005 regarding the case of Kelo v. City of New London, the result of the 99 Cent Only case would quite likely be different.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The US and middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The US and middle east - Essay Example However, the Second World War was a wakeup call in all regions of the world as it fuelled nationalism, and this instigated calls for the Arab Nationalism. The Arabs felt that they had had enough of the British and the French who were colonising them. The Americans were not left out, and this is what led to the conflicts that exist to date between the United States and the Middle East. The writer of the article is addressing the Middle East by opening up some of the unseen agendas of the American - Middle East relationship. The writer explains the origin of the relationship between the Middle East and the United States of America, the factors that led to the sharp conflict, democracy in the Middle East as well as the effects of the September 11 attacks on the American Middle East relationship. The author attempts to convince the audience and actually sets forth credible points to support his arguments. The writer is also at times harsh and objective in putting his points across such a s arguing that the United States has a huge disregard for the Middle East in respect to human rights and democracy. The writer is convincing as his sources are credible and has conducted an in-depth analysis to make us understand what the relationship is all about. In addition, the writer looks at the historical relationship and where it was as well as where the relationship is headed. He also looks at who are the major beneficiaries of the relationship, which is very persuading. Nevertheless, at some instances the arguments are out of line; for instance, the claim that the United States does not care for the Middle East and for a very long time the relationship has been based on how they could acquire oil by fuelling conflict without making up for it. Ethos, Pathos and Logos are the modes of persuasion that are used in argumentative essays. The writer uses Logos, which is a persuasion technique that embraces the use of logic or logical arguments. He uses deductive and inductive rea soning, which helps make the argument credible. The writer also uses pathos, which is meant to appeal to the reader’s emotion, as well as ethos, which is meant to convince the reader that the writer is an expert in the field he is writing about. The Ethos the writer uses in the paper includes quoting credible sources such as Colin L. Powell, who is the former United States secretary of state; he also states his credentials as a scholar in the Middle East affairs, and hence the information he is presenting is credible. Reading through the essay, one is able to extract much information, e.g. the US policy on IRAQ, the US strategy on the Arab World as well as the relations between the US and Qatar, which for the a long time could be described as strained and problematic. The ethos can be defined by a quote by Powell (2004), who was defending the US policy in the Middle East: â€Å"The United States’ National Security Strategy does commit us to preemption under certain li mited circumstances† (as quoted in Shunnag, p. 833) Finally, the other instance when the author resorts to Ethos in the paper is when he provides credible evidence and information about the US policy in Iraq and relations with Qatar as well as the strategy of the United States in the Middle East. Those are among the sharp areas of focus that he uses to persuade the reader. In this case